SEJARAH INTERNET DUNIA
Sejarah Internet dimulai pada tahun 60-an,
yaitu ketika Levi C. Finch dan Robert W. Taylor mulai melakukan penelitian
tentang jaringan global dan masalah interoperabilitas. Selanjutnya, beberapa
program penelitian mulai dilakukan untuk melihat mekanisme pengaitan
jaringan-jaringan yang berbeda secara fisik. Salah satu solusi yang muncul dari
penelitian-penelitian tersebut adalah teknik packet switching. Pada teknik
packet switching, data atau file berukuran besar yang akan dikirim melalui
jaringan komputer terlebih dahulu dipotong menjadi paket kecil-kecil agar lebih
mudah ditangani dan lebih Andal. Peneliti utama dalam pengembangan packet
switching ini adalah Donald Davies (NPL), Paul Baran (RAND Corporation),
Leonard Kleinrock dan kawan-kawan (MIT) dan UCLA Research Programs.
Pada tahun 1969, Robert Taylor yang baru dipromosikan sebagai kepala kantor pemrosesan informasi di DARPA (Badan Riset Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Serikat) bermaksud mengimplementaskan ide untuk membuat sistem jaringan yang saling terhubung. Bersama Larry Robert dari MIT, Robert Taylor memulai proyek yang kemudian dikenal sebagai ARPANET. Sambungan pertama ARPANET terbentuk antara University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) dan Stanford Research Institute (SRI) pada jam 22:30 tanggal 29 Oktober 1969. Pada tanggal 5 Desember 1969, ada dua jaringan lagi yang yang bergabung, yakni University of Utah dan University of California, Santa Barbara sehingga total terdapat empat (4) simpul jaringan. ARPANET yang berbasis pada teknologi ALOHAnet berkembang sangat cepat. Pada tahun 1981, jumlah simpul yang tersambung menjadi 213.
Selain jaringan untuk penelitian seperti ARPANET dan X.25, para hobbiis komputer juga mengembangkan teknik jaringan sendiri yang kemudian cukup populer, yaitu UUCP. Masalah terbesar pada teknik ini adalah bagaimana supaya berbagai jenis peralatan jaringan, seperti telepon, radio, kabel LAN yang secara fisik sangat berbeda dapat berkomunikasi satu sama lain. Keberagaman media fisik jaringan mendorong pengembangan tatacara komunikasi (protokol komunikasi) yang mampu melakukan internetworking, sehingga banyak jaringan kecil dapat saling tersambung menjadi satu menjadi jaringan komputer maha besar.
Kumpulan tata cara komunikasi atau protokol Internet memungkinkan jaringan komputer dibangun menggunakan saluran fisik yang berbeda. Dalam bahasa yang sederhana, komputer yang terhubung menggunakan telepon, dapat berkomunikasi dengan komputer yang tersambung ke jaringan LAN maupun jaringan radio. Hal ini mendorong terjadinya inter-network (antar jaringan) secara global yang kemudian hari kita kenal sebagai “Internet”.
Selain protokol Internet, hal lain yang tidak kalah penting dalam perkembangan Internet adalah metode pengalamatan di Internet. Jon Postel dari Information Science Institute (ISI) di University of Southern California (USC) adalah orang yang sangat berjasa di balik berbagai alokasi alamat IP Internet, manajemen Domain Name System (DNS), tipe media, dan berbagai alokasi nomor untuk tata cara komunikasi penting di Internet. Hingga wafatnya pada tanggal 16 Oktober 1998, Jon Postel mengelola Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). Pada tanggal 21 Juli 1998, Jon Postel memperoleh Silver Medal dari International Telecommunications Union (ITU) atas jasa-jasanya membangun Internet di dunia. Saat ini, IANA dioperasikan oleh Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
Komersialisasi dan privatisasi Internet mulai terjadi pada tahun 1980-an di Amerika Serikat dengan di ijinkannya Internet Service Provider (ISP) untuk beroperasi. Internet mulai booming pada tahun 1990-an. dan menjadi kunci pemicu perubahan dalam budaya dan dunia usaha. Internet menawarkan pola komunikasi cepat menggunakan e-mail, diskusi bebas di forum, dan Web.
Pada tahun 1969, Robert Taylor yang baru dipromosikan sebagai kepala kantor pemrosesan informasi di DARPA (Badan Riset Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Serikat) bermaksud mengimplementaskan ide untuk membuat sistem jaringan yang saling terhubung. Bersama Larry Robert dari MIT, Robert Taylor memulai proyek yang kemudian dikenal sebagai ARPANET. Sambungan pertama ARPANET terbentuk antara University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) dan Stanford Research Institute (SRI) pada jam 22:30 tanggal 29 Oktober 1969. Pada tanggal 5 Desember 1969, ada dua jaringan lagi yang yang bergabung, yakni University of Utah dan University of California, Santa Barbara sehingga total terdapat empat (4) simpul jaringan. ARPANET yang berbasis pada teknologi ALOHAnet berkembang sangat cepat. Pada tahun 1981, jumlah simpul yang tersambung menjadi 213.
Selain jaringan untuk penelitian seperti ARPANET dan X.25, para hobbiis komputer juga mengembangkan teknik jaringan sendiri yang kemudian cukup populer, yaitu UUCP. Masalah terbesar pada teknik ini adalah bagaimana supaya berbagai jenis peralatan jaringan, seperti telepon, radio, kabel LAN yang secara fisik sangat berbeda dapat berkomunikasi satu sama lain. Keberagaman media fisik jaringan mendorong pengembangan tatacara komunikasi (protokol komunikasi) yang mampu melakukan internetworking, sehingga banyak jaringan kecil dapat saling tersambung menjadi satu menjadi jaringan komputer maha besar.
Kumpulan tata cara komunikasi atau protokol Internet memungkinkan jaringan komputer dibangun menggunakan saluran fisik yang berbeda. Dalam bahasa yang sederhana, komputer yang terhubung menggunakan telepon, dapat berkomunikasi dengan komputer yang tersambung ke jaringan LAN maupun jaringan radio. Hal ini mendorong terjadinya inter-network (antar jaringan) secara global yang kemudian hari kita kenal sebagai “Internet”.
Selain protokol Internet, hal lain yang tidak kalah penting dalam perkembangan Internet adalah metode pengalamatan di Internet. Jon Postel dari Information Science Institute (ISI) di University of Southern California (USC) adalah orang yang sangat berjasa di balik berbagai alokasi alamat IP Internet, manajemen Domain Name System (DNS), tipe media, dan berbagai alokasi nomor untuk tata cara komunikasi penting di Internet. Hingga wafatnya pada tanggal 16 Oktober 1998, Jon Postel mengelola Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). Pada tanggal 21 Juli 1998, Jon Postel memperoleh Silver Medal dari International Telecommunications Union (ITU) atas jasa-jasanya membangun Internet di dunia. Saat ini, IANA dioperasikan oleh Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
Komersialisasi dan privatisasi Internet mulai terjadi pada tahun 1980-an di Amerika Serikat dengan di ijinkannya Internet Service Provider (ISP) untuk beroperasi. Internet mulai booming pada tahun 1990-an. dan menjadi kunci pemicu perubahan dalam budaya dan dunia usaha. Internet menawarkan pola komunikasi cepat menggunakan e-mail, diskusi bebas di forum, dan Web.
It will help in discussing the beginnings of the Internet to
define what the Internet is. Now you can get as many different definitions of
what the Internet is as you can dictionaries. But for must of us, the simple
description, a "worldwide system of interconnected networks and
computers" is pretty good and adequate.
But when people get more technical, they tend to add to the definition terms such as "a network that uses the Transmission Control Protocol - Internet protocol" (or TCP/IP).
Many people have heard that the Internet began with some military computers in the Pentagon called Arpanet in 1969. The theory goes on to suggest that the network was designed to survive a nuclear attack. However, whichever definition of what the Internet is we use, neither the Pentagon nor 1969 hold up as the time and place the Internet was invented. A project which began in the Pentagon that year, called Arpanet, gave birth to the Internet protocols sometime later (during the 1970's), but 1969 was not the Internet's beginnings. Surviving a nuclear attack was not Arpanet's motivation, nor was building a global communications network.
Bob Taylor, the Pentagon official who was in charge of the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (or Arpanet) program, insists that the purpose was not military, but scientific. The nuclear attack theory was never part of the design. Nor was an Internet in the sense we know it part of the Pentagon's 1969 thinking. Larry Roberts, who was employed by Bob Taylor to build the Arpanet network, states that Arpanet was never intended to link people or be a communications and information facility.
Arpanet was about time-sharing. Time sharing tried to make it possible for research institutions to use the processing power of other institutions computers when they had large calculations to do that required more power, or when someone else's facility might do the job better.
What Arpanet did in 1969 that was important was to develop a variation of a technique called packet switching. In 1965, before Arpanet came into existence, an Englishman called Donald Davies had proposed a similar facility to Arpanet in the United Kingdom, the NPL Data Communications Network. It never got funded; but Donald Davies did develop the concept of packet switching, a means by which messages can travel from point to point across a network. Although others in the USA were working on packet switching techniques at the same time (notably Leonard Kleinrock and Paul Baran), it was the UK version that Arpanet first adopted.
However, although Arpanet developed packet switching, Larry Roberts makes it clear that sending messages between people was "not an important motivation for a network of scientific computers". Its purpose was to allow people in diverse locations to utilise time on other computers.
It never really worked as an idea - for a start, all the computers had different operating systems and versions and programs, and using someone else's machine was very difficult: but as well, by the time some of these problems were being overcome, mini-computers had appeared on the scene and the economics of time sharing had changed dramatically.
So it's reasonable to say that ARPANET failed in its purpose, but in the process it made some significant discoveries that were to result in the creation of the first Internet. These included email developments, packet switching implementations, and development of the (Transport Control Protocol - Internet Protocol) or TCP/IP.
TCP/IP is the backbone protocol which technical people claim is the basis for determining what the Internet is. It was developed in the 1970s in California by Vinton Cerf, Bob Kahn, Bob Braden, Jon Postel and other members of the Networking Group headed by Steve Crocker. TCP/IP was developed to solve problems with earlier attempts at communication between computers undertaken by ARPANET.
Vinton Cerf had worked on the earlier Arpanet protocols while at the University of California in Los Angeles from 1968-1972. He moved to Stanford University in late 1972. At the same time Bob Kahn, who had been the chief architect of the Arpanet while working for contracting form Bolt Beranek and Newman, left that firm and joined ARPANET.
In October 1972 ARPANET publicly demonstrated their system for the first time at the International Computer Communications Conference in Washington DC. Following that meeting, an International Networking Group chaired by Vinton Cerf was established.
Bob Kahn visited Stanford in the spring of 1973 and he and Vint Cerf discussed the problem of interconnecting multiple packet networks that were NOT identical. They developed the basic concepts of TCP at that time, and presented it to the newly established International Networking Group. This meeting and this development really rates as the beginning of the Internet.
Nobody knows who first used the word Internet - it just became a shortcut around this time for "internetworking". The earliest written use of the word appears to be by Vint Cerf in 1974.
By 1975 the first prototype was being tested. A few more years were spent on technical development, and in 1978 TCP/IPv4 was released.
It would be some time before it became available to the rest of us. In fact, TCP/IP was not even added to Arpanet officially until 1983.
So we can see that the Internet began as an unanticipated result of an unsuccessful military and academic research program component, and was more a product of the US west coast culture of the 1980s than a product of the post-war Pentagon era.
But when people get more technical, they tend to add to the definition terms such as "a network that uses the Transmission Control Protocol - Internet protocol" (or TCP/IP).
Many people have heard that the Internet began with some military computers in the Pentagon called Arpanet in 1969. The theory goes on to suggest that the network was designed to survive a nuclear attack. However, whichever definition of what the Internet is we use, neither the Pentagon nor 1969 hold up as the time and place the Internet was invented. A project which began in the Pentagon that year, called Arpanet, gave birth to the Internet protocols sometime later (during the 1970's), but 1969 was not the Internet's beginnings. Surviving a nuclear attack was not Arpanet's motivation, nor was building a global communications network.
Bob Taylor, the Pentagon official who was in charge of the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (or Arpanet) program, insists that the purpose was not military, but scientific. The nuclear attack theory was never part of the design. Nor was an Internet in the sense we know it part of the Pentagon's 1969 thinking. Larry Roberts, who was employed by Bob Taylor to build the Arpanet network, states that Arpanet was never intended to link people or be a communications and information facility.
Arpanet was about time-sharing. Time sharing tried to make it possible for research institutions to use the processing power of other institutions computers when they had large calculations to do that required more power, or when someone else's facility might do the job better.
What Arpanet did in 1969 that was important was to develop a variation of a technique called packet switching. In 1965, before Arpanet came into existence, an Englishman called Donald Davies had proposed a similar facility to Arpanet in the United Kingdom, the NPL Data Communications Network. It never got funded; but Donald Davies did develop the concept of packet switching, a means by which messages can travel from point to point across a network. Although others in the USA were working on packet switching techniques at the same time (notably Leonard Kleinrock and Paul Baran), it was the UK version that Arpanet first adopted.
However, although Arpanet developed packet switching, Larry Roberts makes it clear that sending messages between people was "not an important motivation for a network of scientific computers". Its purpose was to allow people in diverse locations to utilise time on other computers.
It never really worked as an idea - for a start, all the computers had different operating systems and versions and programs, and using someone else's machine was very difficult: but as well, by the time some of these problems were being overcome, mini-computers had appeared on the scene and the economics of time sharing had changed dramatically.
So it's reasonable to say that ARPANET failed in its purpose, but in the process it made some significant discoveries that were to result in the creation of the first Internet. These included email developments, packet switching implementations, and development of the (Transport Control Protocol - Internet Protocol) or TCP/IP.
TCP/IP is the backbone protocol which technical people claim is the basis for determining what the Internet is. It was developed in the 1970s in California by Vinton Cerf, Bob Kahn, Bob Braden, Jon Postel and other members of the Networking Group headed by Steve Crocker. TCP/IP was developed to solve problems with earlier attempts at communication between computers undertaken by ARPANET.
Vinton Cerf had worked on the earlier Arpanet protocols while at the University of California in Los Angeles from 1968-1972. He moved to Stanford University in late 1972. At the same time Bob Kahn, who had been the chief architect of the Arpanet while working for contracting form Bolt Beranek and Newman, left that firm and joined ARPANET.
In October 1972 ARPANET publicly demonstrated their system for the first time at the International Computer Communications Conference in Washington DC. Following that meeting, an International Networking Group chaired by Vinton Cerf was established.
Bob Kahn visited Stanford in the spring of 1973 and he and Vint Cerf discussed the problem of interconnecting multiple packet networks that were NOT identical. They developed the basic concepts of TCP at that time, and presented it to the newly established International Networking Group. This meeting and this development really rates as the beginning of the Internet.
Nobody knows who first used the word Internet - it just became a shortcut around this time for "internetworking". The earliest written use of the word appears to be by Vint Cerf in 1974.
By 1975 the first prototype was being tested. A few more years were spent on technical development, and in 1978 TCP/IPv4 was released.
It would be some time before it became available to the rest of us. In fact, TCP/IP was not even added to Arpanet officially until 1983.
So we can see that the Internet began as an unanticipated result of an unsuccessful military and academic research program component, and was more a product of the US west coast culture of the 1980s than a product of the post-war Pentagon era.
